Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are regularly used on this site and in my publications:
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1
|
first person
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2
|
second person
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3
|
third person
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A
|
agent, the initiating argument marked in the
finite transitive verb
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abbr
|
abbreviation
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ABL
|
ablative marker
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ACT
|
marker of the active verbal adjective
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AD
|
anno domini
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adj
|
adjective
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adv
|
adverb
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AFF
|
affirmative suffix
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AP
|
adjectival phrase
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art
|
article
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ATT
|
marker of the attributive verbal adjective
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class
|
classifier
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clit
|
clitic
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cmp
|
compound
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CND
|
marker of the conditional gerund
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CNN
|
marker of the connective gerund
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CNT
|
contrastive marker
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CTT
|
contemporaneous time suffix
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COM
|
comitative marker
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conj
|
conjunctive
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d
|
dual
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DETR
|
detransitivising marker
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DIR
|
directive marker
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down
|
at a lower level than the point of
reference
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DU
|
dual number marker
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emph
|
emphatic
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e
|
exclusive; previously unpublished material (in
lexicon)
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|
Eng.
|
English
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esp.
|
especially
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expr
|
expression
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f.
|
female
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FCT
|
marker of the factual verbal adjective
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FEM
|
feminine gender marker
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fig.
|
figurative
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GENp
|
plural genitive marker
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GENs
|
singular genitive marker
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HMG
|
His Majesty’s Government of Nepal
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HRS
|
particle of hearsay
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hrz
|
horizontally, at the same level as the point of
reference
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i
|
inclusive
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IMP
|
imperative marker
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ind
|
indefinite and interrogative word
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IND
|
indefinitive suffix
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INF
|
infinitival marker
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intens
|
intensifier
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interj
|
interjection
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ir
|
irregular
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IRR
|
irrealis marker
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k.o.
|
kind of
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Lib.
|
Libju-Bhumju magazine
|
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Lit.
|
literary spelling (Wambule, Jero)
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LN
|
nominaliser of loan verbs
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LSN
|
Linguistic Survey of Nepal
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LOC
|
locative marker
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m.
|
male
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MAN
|
marker of the gerund of manner
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MAS
|
masculine gender marker
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MDM
|
derivational middle marker
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MID
|
inflectional middle marker
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n
|
noun (in lexicon); native form (in lexicon); non-
(in glosses)
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NAC
|
nomen actionis
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NEG
|
negative marker
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Nep.
|
Nepali
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NEW
|
marker of recent awareness
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NP
|
noun phrase
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NSG
|
negative state gerund
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nom
|
nominal
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num
|
numeral
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Ø
|
zero morph or morpheme
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ono
|
onomatopoetic
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OPT
|
optative marker
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P
|
patient, the affected argument marked in the
finite transitive verb
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p.
|
page
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p
|
plural
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part
|
particle
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PAS
|
marker of the passive verbal adjective
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PASTHAB
|
past habitual marker
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PAT
|
patient postposition
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PFG
|
marker of the perfect gerund
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pl
|
plural number marker
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postp
|
postposition
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pron
|
pronoun
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PPT
|
past prior time marker
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PRG
|
marker of the present gerund
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PUR
|
verbal adjective of purpose
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quant
|
quantifier
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RES
|
reifying marker
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s
|
singular
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S
|
subject, the sole argument marked in the finite
intransitive verb
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SIM
|
similaritive marker
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SML
|
marker of the simultaneous gerund
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s.o.
|
someone
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SOC
|
sociative marker
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SRC
|
source marker
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s.t.
|
something
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STA
|
marker of the stative verbal adjective
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SUP
|
supine marker
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THM
|
theme marker
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up
|
at a higher level than the point of
reference
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v
|
verb
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v-1a
|
verb of the first conjugation, (a) class
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v(-1a)
|
verb which is probably of the first conjugation,
(a) class
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VAG
|
marker of the gerund of circumvagant motion
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vrb
|
verbal
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vi
|
intransitive verb
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vm
|
middle verb
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VOL
|
volitional marker
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vs.
|
versus
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VS
|
Vikram Saṃvat era
|
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vt
|
transitive verb
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Wam.
|
Wambule
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∑
|
verb root
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[ ]
|
phonetic transcription (phone); etymological
note
|
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/ /
|
phonological/phonemic transcription
(phoneme)
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< >
|
morphological or morphophonemic transcription
(morpheme)
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~
|
alternates
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+
|
plus, e.g. used to list the components of a
portmanteau morph
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*
|
reconstructed, unattested or ungrammatical form,
or rejected analysis; verb roots that are preceded by an asterisk
have not been attested
|
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?
|
doubtful form or analysis; slip of the
tongue
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–
|
word-internal morpheme boundary; boundary between
the components of a compound
|
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=
|
boundary between a full word and a phrasal
affix
|
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≡
|
boundary between a full word and a phrasal affix,
and word-internal morpheme boundary
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/$/
|
syllable boundary
|
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/C/
|
consonant
|
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/V/
|
short vowel
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/V:/
|
long vowel
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<
|
derives from
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>
|
yields (in diachronic analysis)
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→
|
yields (in synchronic analysis); direction of a
transitive relationship (morphological analysis)
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↔
|
reciprocal transitive relationship (morphological
analysis)
|
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⇒
|
specific direction of a transitive
relationship
|
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| — X
|
before X (phonological or morphological
environment)
|
|
| X —
|
after X (phonological or morphological
environment)
|
|
...
|
phonetic or orthographic pause
|
|
....
|
unquoted part
|